People's Republic of China
Controls ~90% REE processing, ~98% gallium/germanium, ~90% battery-graphite refining; the binding chokepoint.
Relationships
- ControlsGallium
- Competes withScheme to Promote Manufacturing of Sintered Rare Earth Permanent Magnets
- ControlsRare Earth Elements / Neodymium-Praseodymium
- ControlsGraphite (battery-anode grade)
- ControlsLithium
- Competes withNational Critical Mineral Mission
- Competes withNational Aluminium Company Limited
- SuppliesRare-earth permanent magnets (NdFeB)— China anchors ~90% of global sintered NdFeB magnet output; India imports ~78% of its permanent magnets from China (FY25-26 customs, $172.35M of $221.66M).
- SuppliesHigh-energy Li-ion cells— 83.6% of India's lithium-ion cell imports (HS 850760) came from China in FY25-26 ($3,927.72M of $4,697.08M); 91.2% including Hong Kong.
- SuppliesDrone flight controller— ~90% of small-drone flight controllers are Chinese-sourced (report estimate, single-source).