India's Industrial Technology Transfer Ecosystem

India has built one of the developing world's largest public research apparatuses - 52 DRDO laboratories, 37 CSIR laboratories, 23 IITs, IISc and nine Defence PSUs generating ~₹65,000 crore in revenue - yet converts it poorly: DRDO's project-to-product rate is an estimated ~1.1%, the DPSUs invest 1.4% of revenue in R&D against a 5-8% global benchmark, and the IITs convert ~7.7% of patents into spin-offs. R&D intensity stands at 0.65% of GDP, one-fifth the OECD average. With no Bayh-Dole-equivalent law, under-built technology licensing offices and a TRL 7-9 valley of death, the report maps where value leaks across DRDO, CSIR, IITs/IISc, DPSUs, TLOs, patents and spin-offs - and sets out a five-pillar reform agenda (legislative, institutional, capital, capacity, talent) with a $5 billion National Deep-Tech Fund, moving India from 5% (Incremental) toward 12% of global deep-tech output by 2035 (Accelerated base case).